In Experiment 3, simulated psychophysical experiments on face images with varying putative ratios reveal changes in the activity of the CSNs that are remarkably similar to those of human judgements reported in a previous study. These images depict the intuitive attributes encoded in CSNs of the four categories of facial attractiveness and reveal certain consistencies with reported evidence on the putative ratios. In Experiment 2, face-like images were generated by reversing the DNN model (e.g., deconvolution). In Experiment 1, we trained a DNN model to recognize the attractiveness (female/male × high/low attractiveness) of face in the images using four category-specific neurons (CSNs). To this end, we conducted three experiments. In this paper, we show that a deep neural network (DNN) model can learn putative ratios from face images based only on categorical annotation when no annotated facial features for attractiveness are explicitly given. These putative ratios define facial attractiveness in terms of spatial relations and provide important rules for measuring the attractiveness of a face. It is proposed that an individualistic treatment for each ratio is a rather better method to guide future practice.Įmpirical evidence has shown that there is an ideal arrangement of facial features (ideal ratios) that can optimize the attractiveness of a person’s face.
#MARQUARDT BEAUTY MASK PROFESSIONAL#
No correlation was found between facial ratios in professional black models with the golden proportion.
Only one facial ratio was observed to be similar to the golden proportion in professional model facial photographs. Only one out of the 12 facial ratios was not significantly different from the golden proportion. The models’ facial ratios were calculated and compared with the golden proportion.ĭifferences in grading behaviour were observed amongst the two assessment groups. The best graded photographs were compared with the least well-graded photographs to identify any differences in their facial ratios. A total of 287 responses were analysed for grading behaviour according to various demographic factors by two groups of observers. Observers were asked to assign a score from 1 to 10 (1 = not very attractive, 10 = very attractive). The aim of this investigation was to assess facial ratios of professional black models and to compare the ratios with the golden proportion.įorty photographs of male and female professional black models were collected. However, there are conflicting opinions as to whether it can be used to assess facial attractiveness. One of the most famous theories regarding “ideal” facial proportions is that of the golden proportion. In the absence of clear guidelines for facial aesthetic surgery, most surgeons rely on expert intuitive judgement when planning aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. Marquardt's mask does not appear to describe "ideal" face shape even for white women because its proportions are inconsistent with the optimal preferences of most people, especially with regard to femininity. Marquardt's mask best describes the facial proportions of masculinized white women as seen in fashion models. Thin-plate spline analysis is used to illustrate visually how sample faces, including northwestern European averages, differ from Marquardt's mask. Generalized Procrustes analysis is used to show how goodness of fit with Marquardt's mask can be assessed.
This article aims to show the proper way of assessing goodness of fit with Marquardt's mask, to address the shape of the mask as it pertains to masculinity-femininity, and to discuss the broader issue of an objective assessment of facial attractiveness. Given that the general public strongly and overwhelmingly prefers above average facial femininity in women, white women seeking aesthetic facial surgery would be ill-advised to aim toward a better fit with Marquardt's mask. The mask also appears to approximate the face shape of masculinized European women.
The mask is ill-suited for non-European populations, especially sub-Saharan Africans and East Asians. The method used to examine goodness of fit with the proportions in the mask is faulty. However, Marquardt's mask is associated with numerous problems. Many have found his mask convincing, including cosmetic surgeons. Stephen Marquardt has derived a mask from the golden ratio that he claims represents the "ideal" facial archetype.
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